Liquid coating composition for production of fluorine doped tin oxide thin layers suitable for chemical vapor deposition process

ABSTRACT

Composition containing a chlorinated organotin derivative and a polyfluoroalkyl compound and/or a halo polyfluoroalkyl compound useful for CVD formation of fluorine doped tin oxide coatings.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to new liquid coating compositions useful for the production of improved fluorine-doped tin oxide layers preferably made by chemical vapor deposition processes. Such coatings find use in insulating glass for houses, in conductive glass for plasma TV screens, etc. The obtained coatings, which also make up a part of the invention, have high conductivity, high visible light transmittance, and low haze.

[0003] 1. Description of the Related Art

[0004] Fluorine-doped tin oxide coatings are known to be conductive layers. Several chemical compositions and methods of production have been described in the literature regarding the manufacture such tin oxide coatings:

[0005] Japanese patent 75-61,415 utilizes a spray of chemicals present in a large amount of solvent, which produces significant technical and environmental problems, and which is not usable in a C.V.D.(Chemical Vapor Deposition) process.

[0006] European patent EP-A-0 112 780 describes a method using alkyl chloro tin and a gaseous alkyl chloro fluorocarbon which provides severe problems with regard to toxic waste by-products as well as difficulties in handling and controlling the gas.

[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,974 describes a method using tetramethyl tin, which is very toxic and explosive in air.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,594 describes a method using dimethyl tin difluoride, which is a powder too difficult to be vaporized.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,917 describes a method using a chloro tin compound doped with an organic fluorine compound selected from trifluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic anhydride, ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate, trifluoroethanol, ethyltrifluoroacetate and pentafluoropropionic acid. The presence of an oxygenated functional group in the molecule of the fluorine dopant promotes the formation of oxidized build-up before pyrolysis on the glass.

[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,095 describes a method using dibutoxydibutyl tin with trifluoroacetic acid. The presence of oxygen bonded to tin prevents the good formation of the tin oxide layer and gives numerous white deposits in the fume evacuation circuit.

[0011] Japanese patent JP-A-62,70247 describes a method using dibutyl tin (or dimethyl tin) di-trifluoroacetate or butyl tin tri-trifluoroacetate with trichlorobutyl tin or tetrachloro tin. The presence of chlorinated solvent in all solutions renders the composition dangerous and toxic. Moreover, it promotes the appearance of corrosive green deposits in the fume evacuation circuit.

[0012] French patent 93-05245 describes a method using a chlorinated organo tin compound doped with organo tin monofluoroalkanoate and a tetraorgano tin. The use of such a heavy fluorine dopant promotes the appearance of black deposits in the vapor circuit due to the high temperature of vaporization needed.

[0013] From the above description of the prior art, the need for a new composition useful in a CVD process giving improved conditions of vaporization, avoiding environmentally toxic waste and giving high conductivity, high visible light transmittance coatings on, for example, glass, is clear.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] In accordance with the invention, there is provided herein a new liquid coating composition very well adapted for use in the chemical vapor deposition of a coating on glass substrates which:

[0015] provides a very conductive layer, with low haze and high visible light transmittance.

[0016] has a low temperature of vaporization which avoids decomposition, keeping the vaporization circuit essentially free of deposit.

[0017] does not require and preferably does not contain any dangerous or toxic component.

[0018] upon pyrolysis avoids significant production of corrosive dust and environmental pollutants.

[0019] The invention composition comprises a chlorinated organotin derivative and a polyfluoroalkyl or halo polyfluoroalkyl dopant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0020] More specifically, the composition of the invention preferably comprises a mixture prepared by mixing together:

[0021] 70% to 99% by weight of at least one organo-tin compound, preferably chlorinated organo-tin compound, wherein the tin atom is bonded to at least one carbon atom of a hydrocarbon chain;

[0022] 1% to 30% by weight of at least one polyfluoroalkyl, halo polyfluoroalkyl, polyfluoroalkenyl or halo polyfluoroalkenyl compound where “halo” is halogen other than fluorine (Cl, Br, etc.); and

[0023] Optionally up to 29 weight percent of an organic solvent.

[0024] The preferred general formula of the organo-tin compound is:

R_(x)SnCl_((4−x))  Compound I

[0025] wherein x is an integer which may vary from 1 to 4 (i.e., 1,2,3,4)and R represents a C₁₋₈ alkyl or alkenyl group having one or more double bonds or a phenyl radical. Preferably, to avoid toxicological problems, R is a butyl radical. To limit the presence of carbon in the layer, x is preferably 1. These compounds are collectively referred to as (chlorinated) organotin compunds. The (chlorinated) organotin compound can also be a mixture of different compounds of the above formula.

[0026] The preferred general formula of the polyfluoroalkyl or alkenyl and halo polyfluoroalkyl or alkenyl compound is: C_(n)F_(m)X_(o)H_(p), where n is at least 4 and preferably less than 25, m is 1-30, preferably 2 or greater, X is halogen other than fluorine, o is 0-30 and p is 0-52. When o is not zero the compound is a halo polyfluoroalkyl compound. When the carbon chain contains one or more double bonds the compounds are alkenyl compounds. These compounds are neutral organic compounds and include linear, branched and cyclic structures. The F, X and H atoms are substituents on the carbon atoms. For simplicity these alkyl and alkenyl compounds are described as (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compounds herein and preferably have boiling points of at least 50° C. and more preferably from 50-200° C.

[0027] One group of preferred species is:

[0028] Where R₁, R₂ and R₃ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₂₋₉ alkyl or C₂₋₉ haloalkyl. The compound is a halo polyfluoroalkyl when any one or more of R₁, R₂ and R₃ are or contain halogen other than fluorine.

[0029] Preferably, compound II has a boiling point of from 50° C. to 200° C.

[0030] The polyfluoroalkyl or halo polyfluoroalkyl compound can also be a mixture of one or more of these different compounds. Both the polyfluoro and halo polyfluoro compounds may be present.

[0031] The composition according to the invention may also optionally comprise up to 29 weight % of an organic solvent such as xylene, methyl isobutyl ketone, dichloroethane, chloroform, CCl₄, etc. The solvent should preferably have a boiling point of 40 to 100° C. The solvent should be a liquid at STP. The organic solvent of the invention does not include the invention chlorinated organo-tin derivative, polyfluoroalkyl compound or halo polyfluoroalkyl compound.

[0032] The invention (chlorinated) organo tin compound, (halo) polyfluoro alkyl compound, and organic solvent are commercially available and/or within the skill of the ordinary artisan to obtain/synthesize.

[0033] The preferred way of producing a thin layer of fluorine doped tin oxide on a substrate with the invention composition is chemical vapor deposition. Usefull substrates include glass, metal, etc. In this method, the invention liquid composition is vaporized in a continuous boiler at an effective temperature which temperature preferably is below 250° C. Then, the vapor can be mixed or carried out with oxygen, air (preferably hot air), and/or steam at a sufficient temperature to keep a complete vapor phase. The mixed vapor is directed on the substrate for pyrolysis. The temperature of the substrate must be higher than 400° C., preferably about (±20° C.)500° C. to 700° C.

[0034] With this method, a coating of fluorine doped tin oxide can be obtained having the following properties: Thickness: 500Åto 9000Å, including 1000, 3000 and 5000< Sheet resistance: 5-250 ohms/square including 15, 25, 50, 100 and 150 ohms/square Visible light transmittance: >70% such as >80%, >82%, >90%, etc. Haze: 0% to 20% such as less than 0.5% (light diffused/total light transmitted)

[0035] Chemical vapor deposition processes are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the present invention method utilizing the invention composition is not limited to the example method specifically described.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] In a preferred embodiment of the invention compound I is butyl tin trichloride (BuSnCl₃). Preferred species of halo polyfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl include one or more of the following species: C4F91 Perfluorobutyl iodide Bp: 72° C. C5F11I Perfluoroisopentyl iodide Bp: 89-90° C. C6F14 Perfluorohexane Bp: 58-60° C. C6F13H 1H, Perfluorohexane Bp: 71° C. C6F13Cl Perfluorohexyl Chloride Bp: 84-86° C. C6F13I Perfluorohexyl Iodide Bp: 115-117° C. C7F16 Perfluoroheptane Bp: 80-85° C. C7F13H 1H, Perfluoroheptane Bp: 96-97° C. C7F15Br Perfluoroheptyl Bromide Bp: 118-119° C. C7F15I Perfluoroheptyl Iodide Bp: 137-138° C. C8F16 Perfluoro-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Bp: 102 ° C. C8F18 Perfluorooctane Bp: 99-100° C. C8F17H 1H, Perfluorooctane Bp: 110-112° C. C8F17Br Perfluorooctyl Bromide Bp: 142° C. C8F17I Perfluorooctyl Iodide Bp: 160-161° C. C9F20 Perfluorononane Bp: 125-126° C. C9F19Br Perfluorononyl Bromide Bp: 159° C. C10F20 Perfluorodecalin Bp: 142° C.

[0037] The invention compositions, which are within the skill of the ordinary artisan to make and use, preferably comprise (by weight) from 70% to 99% of the (chlorinated) organo tin compound such as compound I (including 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95%) and from 1% to 30% (including 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of the (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound such as compound II. Solvent may be present in 29% or less, including 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, greater than 0%, and 0%. compositions according to the invention may be prepared by mixing the necessary components together.

EXAMPLES

[0038] The Chemical Vapor Deposition installation and methodology described below was used to produce fluorine doped tin oxide thin films on glass substrates:

[0039] The invention composition is mixed and then pumped from a tank at a determined and regular flow rate, to a continuous boiler using a heating fluid at a fixed temperature of 225° C.

[0040] The vapor produced in the boiler leaves the boiler at a temperature of about 205° C. depending on the composition and the flow rate of the composition.

[0041] The vapor is then mixed with hot air and steam. The temperature of the final mixture is maintained at about 205° C.

[0042] This final gas mixture is then directed onto the surface of glass on a continuous production line of flat glass (float process).

[0043] The temperature of the glass during contact is between 400° C. and 700° C.

[0044] The following solutions were prepared by mixing together the listed ingredients in the indicated amounts (parts by weight). Solutions I, K and L must be agitated prior to use. The abbreviation MBTCL means mono butyl tin trichloride. MIBK is methyl isobutyl ketone. A Perfluoro n-Octyl Iodide 11.7 MBTCL 58.7 Xylene 20.6 B Perfluoro n-Octyl Iodide 4.9 MBTCL 77.7 Xylene 17.4 C Perfluoro n-Butyl Iodide 12.1 MBTCL 84.9 MIBK 3.0 D Perfluoro n-Butyl Iodide 5.0 MBTCL 95.0 F Perfluoro n-Hexyl Iodide 4.9 MBTCL 94.1 MIBK 1.0 G Perfluoro n-Octyl Bromide 2.36 MBTCL 49.32 Dichloro ethane 43.27 Chloroform 5.05 I Perfluoro Hexane 5.5 MBTCL 82.0 Tetrachloro methane 12.5 K Perfluoro Hexane 10.0 MBTCL 90.0 L Perfluoro Octane 10.0 MBTCL 90.0 M Perfluorohexyl-Iodide 12.0 MBTCL 85.0 MIBK 3.0

[0045] The table below gives the different parameters used in the C.V.D. laboratory installation for 12 tests: Gas flow Gas temp. Air flow Water flow Solution G 0.825 L/mn 203° C. 60 cfm 0.230 L/mn Solution F 0.680 L/mn 204° C. 60 cfm 0.205 L/mn Solution K 0.860 L/mn 205° C. 60 cfm 0.240 L/mn Solution L 0.640 L/mn 204° C. 60 cfm 0.190 L/mn Solution F 0.820 L/mn 204° C. 60 cfm 0.225 L/mn Solution F 0.580 L/mn 206° C. 60 cfm 0.185 L/mn Solution A 0.700 L/mn 202° C. 60 cfm 0.210 L/mn Solution B 0.575 L/mn 204° C. 60 cfm 0.190 L/mn Solution C 0.850 L/mn 205° C. 60 cfm 0.235 L/mn Solution C 0.630 L/mn 206° C. 60 cfm 0.200 L/mn Solution D 0.880 L/mn 205° C. 60 cfm 0.250 L/mn Solution D 0.540 L/mn 208° C. 60 cfm 0.180 L/mn

[0046] The table below gives the parameters used in the pilot test CVD installation. Vapor Solution Test Chemical flow Water flow Air flow temp. M 1 0.450 L/mn 0.073 L/mn 80 cfm 150° C. M 2 0.724 L/mn 0.147 L/mn 90 cfm 170° C. M 3 0.870 L/mn 0.176 L/mn 80 cfm 190° C.

[0047] The table below gives the film characteristics and performances measured on the coated glass for laboratory tests. Film thickness Sheet resistance Visible transmittance Haze Test 1 3600 Å 23 ohm2 80% 0.6 Test 2 2800 Å 22 ohm2 83% 0.4 Test 3 4200 Å 22 ohm2 79% 0.6 Test 4 2850 Å 21 ohm2 84% 0.4 Test 5 4300 Å 19 ohm2 80% 0.5 Test 6 2800 Å 18 ohm2 83% 0.3 Test 7 2900 Å 23 ohm2 83% 0.3 Test 8 2700 Å 21 ohm2 85% 0.2 Test 9 4300 Å 20 ohm2 82% 0.4 Test 10 2900 Å 19 ohm2 84% 0.3 Test 11 4600 Å 21 ohm2 82% 0.5 Test 12 2800 Å 17 ohm2 85% 0.2

[0048] The Table below gives the film characteristics and performances from the coated glass produced using the pilot CVD installation. Sheet resistance Film in ohms Visible Solution Test thickness per square transmittance Haze Emissivity M 1 2300 Å 31.6 83.2% 0.3% 0.2 M 2 2600 Å 30 84.6% 0.4% 0.2 M 3 2700 Å 24.6 85.2% 0.6% 0.2

[0049] Performances given in the Tables above were measured with a Pacific Scientific Hazeguard XL-211, Perkin-Elmer Lamda-19 with integrating sphere, GE XRD-6 wavelength disperse x-ray, Perkin Elmer 983-G spectro photometer and four point probe.

[0050] Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising: 70-99% by weight of at least one (chlorinated) organotin compound, 1-30% by weight of at least one (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound, and optionally an organic solvent in an amount up to 29 weight %.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said at least one (chlorinated) organotin compound is a compound of the formula R_(x)SnCl_((4−x)) wherein x is an integer of 1-4 and R is a C₁₋₈ alkyl or alkenyl group, or a phenyl radical.
 3. The composition of claim 2, where R is butyl and X is
 1. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said at least one (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound is a compound of the following formula: C_(n)F_(m)X_(o)H_(p) where n is 4-25, m is 1-30, o is 0-30, p is 0-52, and x is halogen other than fluorine.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said at least one (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound is a compound of the formula:

where R₁, R₂ and R₃ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₂₋₉ alkyl or C₂₋₉ haloalkyl.
 6. The composition of claim 1, comprising organic solvent.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound is selected from the group consisting of: perfluorobutyl iodide, perfluoroisopentyl iodide, perfluorohexane, perlfuorohexane, perfluorohexyl chloride, perfluorohexyl iodide, perfluoroheptane, perfluoroheptyl bromide, perfluoroheptyl iodide, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctyl bromide, perfluorooctyl iodide, perfluorononane, perfluorononyl bromide, perfluorodecalin.
 8. The composition of claim 2, wherein said (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound is selected from the group consisting of: perfluorobutyl iodide, perfluoroisopentyl iodide, perfluorohexane, perlfuorohexane, perfluorohexyl chloride, perfluorohexyl iodide, perfluoroheptane, perfluoroheptyl bromide, perfluoroheptyl iodide, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctyl bromide, perfluorooctyl iodide, perfluorononane, perfluorononyl bromide, perfluorodecalin.
 9. The composition of claim 3, wherein said (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound is selected from the group consisting of: perfluorobutyl iodide, perfluoroisopentyl iodide, perfluorohexane, perlfuorohexane, perfluorohexyl chloride, perfluorohexyl iodide, perfluoroheptane, perfluoroheptyl bromide, perfluoroheptyl iodide, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctyl bromide, perfluorooctyl iodide, perfluorononane, perfluorononyl bromide, perfluorodecalin.
 10. The composition of claim 4, wherein said (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound is selected from the group consisting of: perfluorobutyl iodide, perfluoroisopentyl iodide, perfluorohexane, perlfuorohexane, perfluorohexyl chloride, perfluorohexyl iodide, perfluoroheptane, perfluoroheptyl bromide, perfluoroheptyl iodide, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctyl bromide, perfluorooctyl iodide, perfluorononane, perfluorononyl bromide, perfluorodecalin.
 11. The composition of claim 6, wherein said (halo) polyfluoroalkyl compound is selected from the group consisting of: perfluorobutyl iodide, perfluoroisopentyl iodide, perfluorohexane, perlfuorohexane, perfluorohexyl chloride, perfluorohexyl iodide, perfluoroheptane, perfluoroheptyl bromide, perfluoroheptyl iodide, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctane, perfluorooctyl bromide, perfluorooctyl iodide, perfluorononane, perfluorononyl bromide, perfluorodecalin.
 12. A method of preparing a fluorine-doped tin oxide film on a substrate, comprising contacting a hot substrate with the composition of claim 1 in the vapor state, wherein said substrate is at a temperature of ≧400° C.
 13. A method of preparing a fluorine-doped tin oxide film on a substrate, comprising contacting a hot substrate with the composition of claim 2 in the vapor state, wherein said substrate is at a temperature of ≧400° C.
 14. A method of preparing a fluorine-doped tin oxide film on a substrate, comprising contacting a hot substrate with the composition of claim 3 in the vapor state, wherein said substrate is at a temperature of ≧400° C.
 15. A fluorine-doped tin oxide film prepared according to the method of claim
 12. 16. A fluorine-doped tin oxide film prepared according to the method of claim
 13. 17. A fluorine-doped tin oxide film prepared according to the method of claim
 14. 